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Kachinas

Les kachinas sont avant tout les "esprits" (tres supranaturels)   qui constituent le panthon des indiens Hopi. Ils sont censs tre hbergs dans les montagnes (en particulier les San Francisco Peaks au dessus de Flagstaff) et viennent selon le saisons hanter les villages Hopi. Des crmonies sacres o les adultes revtent les attributs des kachinas ont lieu suivant les saisons. J'ai assist en t 1979 un "pardon" Oraibi  o dansaient les masques ( cette priode, seuls les clowns kachinas taient de crmonie). A cette fte, interdite de photos, assistaient les habitants du village et des villages voisins et quelques dizaines de  touristes.
Les poupes kachinas sont des reprsentations des esprits faites pour l'ducation religieuse des enfants. On voit encore dans des maisons traditionnelles (par exemple Walpi) des poupes suspendues au mur. Les modles authentiques sont moins dlicatement sculpts que les figurines ci-dessous qui sont en fait des sculptures reproduisant les masques des crmonies.

Les kachinas sont rpandues dans les nations Hopi et Zuni, tandis que, dans les Indiens Pueblos christianiss du Nouveau Mexique, ces traditions ont disparu. Il existe aussi des kachinas Navajo, mais il s'agit l plus d'une extension de l'artisanat plus que de traditions authentiques.

Ces poupes Hopi kachinas ont t achetes en Arizona entre 1969 et 1985. Elles ont t fabriques cette poque en vue d'une commercialisation par des artisans Hopi. Elles ont t fabriques la main selon la tradition mais ne se retrouvent jamais l'identique. Mes meilleures kachinas ont t fabriques par Bernard Talas fabriquant exclusif pour la "Old Territorial Shop" de   Scottsdale AZ.  D'autres ont t achetes aux boutiques du Muse du Northern Arizona Flagstaff et du Heard Museum Phoenix. Ce dernier hberge la collection des kachinas anciennes de l'ancien snateur Barry Goldwater plus connu en France par son extrmisme politique que par son respect des cultures indiennes.
Toutes mes kachinas ont t sculptes par des Indiens de l'Arizona dans du bois tendre de peuplier (cottonwood) peint et sur lequel sont colls des ornements en fourrures, plumes et objets de cuir et de bois. Les postures traditionnelles sont statiques, les mouvements de danse ont t introduits dans les annes 1970 pour les touristes, de mme que les kachinas en bois massif (sans plumes et fourrures).

La dimension moyenne de ces kachinas est de 25 cm (10 pouces)

Antelope kachina (B Talas) antelope_kachina.jpg (311870 bytes) Dances to increase the number of the tribe. Brings rain

Usually accompanied by the Wolf Kachina. He makes the rains come and the graas grow. Appears in Mixed Dances.

Antelope kachina antelope2.jpg (21563 bytes) Dances to increase the number of the tribe. Brings rain
Eototo kachina chief (B Talas) eototo_chief_kachina.jpg (312659 bytes)  
Woman ogre kachina (B Talas) woman_ogre_kachina.jpg (286311 bytes) Soyok' Wuhti (Ogre Woman) who appears during or shortly after the bean dance and tells boys to hunt mice for her and girls to grind corn for her, or she will eat them; She wears carved and painted black dress with wedding sash (fringe is of cotton string), white leggings, reddish orange moccasins, and black paper-backed cloth cape; Black case mask has red tab ears (small gray feather through each one), large round yellow eyes, and rectangular mouth with bared teeth, and black beard with white bands; Dark brown human hair covers top and back of mask and hangs down over face; She carries crooked stick in left hand and wooden knife in right hand; Trace of additional feathers on top of mask.
Bear kachina (CG) white_bear.jpg (20036 bytes) Hon (Bear Kachina); Figure's white body has red circle on chest and back and on each arm and leg; He wears brown moccasins with real leather cuffs, flesh-colored kilt with dance sash, black breechclout, fox skin tail on each black wool garter and wristlet, real leather armbands and bandoliers, and painted bracelets; White mask with snout and red tab ears, has white fur ruff; White wool and several black and yellow feathers are attached to top of mask; Figure carries rattle in right hand and bow in left hand; Left foot only is glued to cottonwood base

 

White Bear Katsina is Qotsa'honaw Katsina representing leadership. Most of the Hopi Village leadership comes from the Bear clan, who are responsible for much of the Hopi Religious functions. White Bear appears during the Katsina night dances in March and also during the day Katsina dances. He can be part of a group of Bear Katsinam or can appear singly with the Mixed Katsinam. They are very powerful spirit beings.

Brown Bear kachina (B Talas) bear_kachina.jpg (308756 bytes)  
Owl kachina owl_kachina.jpg (354331 bytes) Mongwu (Great Horned Owl Kachina), a warrior who disciplines the clowns if their behavior becomes too outrageous; His body is painted a flesh tone with large white ovals on his arms, legs, chest, and back; He wears a black felt breechclout, carved and painted orange moccasins with brown cuffs, carved and painted white buckskin cape, green yarn wristlet on right wrist, leather and shell bracelet on left wrist, and turquoise colored plastic tab necklace ; His case mask is painted mottled gray with flaring side wings, circular yellow eyes, down-turned yellow beak, and yellow neck ruff; He carries green plastic fern in right hand and white bow in left hand

The Great Horned Owl [Mongwa] is best noted for his incessant war on the clowns. As the clowns follow their usual pattern of un-Hopi-like behaviour, a single silent figure will drift into one corner of the plaza and watch these uncouth fellows."

"When the clowns next appear, growing ever more boisterous in their actions, the Owl again appears and hoots solemnly. With each appearance he gets closer until he ends up talking with the clown chief who promptly blames all misbehaviour on the other clowns."

"But at the last performance, the Owl is joined by other Warrior Kachinas. They leap upon the clowns, douse them with water, beat them vigorously with willow switches or yucca blades, and leave them howling with remorse in a pile in the middle of the plaza."

-Another characteristic of the Owl is that of a messenger. He comes to warn the village and to call them to repentance. Perhaps this is why he carries on that way with the clowns - as a symbol. He comes to warn them of the bad things that can happen if they are not living right.

This piece is a beautiful example of the Owl as a disciplinarian who has come to restore order to the village plaza by chasing the foolhardy mudheads and clowns. His yucca whips are raised and ready.

Badger (B. Talas) badger.jpg (21345 bytes) Honan (Badger) Kachina, who appears during mixed dances on 3rd Mesa or the Water Serpent Ceremony on 1st Mesa; Torso and upper arms are painted black except for 2 white stripes down his back and single white stripe down his chest; Forearms and legs are painted light gray; He wears carved and painted white kilt, dance sash , concho belt, fox tail, red moccasins, and green wool yarn wristlets; Brown case mask with white stripe running down center from front to back has carved and painted green neck ruff, black and white beak-like mouth, and feather bundles in place of ears; Oval eyes are black and white; Yellow and black badger print is painted on each cheek; Remnants of rattles (?) remain in both hands.

The Badger is the most important of the animals, acting as a medical advisor and councellor...they are the greatest doctors and curers. Especially since they have great knowledge of plants and herbs

Eagle Kachina (B. Talas) eagle_kachina.jpg (22748 bytes) Kwahu (Eagle Kachina); Figure's torso and upper arms are painted black; Shoulders, forearms, and lower legs and feet are painted muddy yellow; He wears carved and painted kilt and dance sash with sash belt (painted cardboard glued over dance sash) anklets (painted cardboard) and leg rattles (commercial rattles tied to leather thongs), and shite shell and (plastic) turquoise bead necklace, and painted plaque on back; Carved eagle feather wings are attached to arms and backed with red felt; White case mask is painted pale green on front with yellow beak , red tab ears with beaded earrings, green wool neck ruff, and crown of yucca strips and feathers

Kwahu (Eagle Kachina); Figure's body is painted dull yellow and he wears carved and painted low brown moccasins, embroidered kilt and sash, and full head mask that is turquoise with red tab ears and yellow eagle beak; Mask is surmounted by bundle of real feathers and trimmed at neck with green (plastic) ruff; Both arms are covered with actual red flicker feathers

Mud-head clown kachina (O.Y.) mud_head.jpg (12840 bytes)  
Koyemsi Clown Kachina clown_kachina.jpg (12323 bytes) Koyemsi (Mudhead Kachina), a multi-faceted clown who may appear as part of a group or individually at numerous dances; Figure's body is completely painted brown with large black circle with white dots on his belly; He wears a black breechclout, black kerchief, black leggings, and orange moccasins, and black bracelets or armbands; His mask is also brown with slighly bulging eyes and mouth and a knob on either side as well as on forehead and on back; Arms and legs are attached to body with leather thong.

The Mudhead Kachina (Koyemsi) is probably the most well-known of all the Hopi Kachinas. Mudheads appear in almost every Hopi ceremony as clowns, announcers, drummers and many other roles. They always accompany other Kachinas and play games with the audience to the accompaniment of music. Their rewards are usually prizes of food or clothing

Sun Tawa Kachina (B. Talas) sun_kachina.jpg (26555 bytes) Tawa Kachina (Sun kachina) who appears in the mixed dance; His upper torso is painted red, with his right shoulder, left forearm, and right leg painted pale blue and his left shoulder, right forearm, and left leg painted yellow; He wears carved and painted white kilt, dance sash, brown moccasins, and red bandolier; His sack mask is white and the sun-shaped face is painted pale blue on lower half with black rectangular eyes and triangular mouth; Upper half of face is half orange and half yellow; Mask is encircled by row of trimmed wild turkey feathers (instead of the usual white eagle feathers) and back of mask is covered with gray feathers; Neck ruff is made of brown rabbit fur.
Chief Kachina (M.L.) chief_kachina.jpg (22114 bytes)  
Rattle kachina  (Esther Jackson) rattle.jpg (23001 bytes)  
Yo-we kachina (V.A.C.) yowe_kachina.jpg (25395 bytes) In the late 1600's the Hopis rebelled against the Spanish priests at the same time as the Pueblos along the Rio Grande, but in contrast to the eastern group the Hopis were never re-conquered.  Yo-we is thought to be the Kachina that killed the priest at Oraibi during the revolt. He grabbed for the priest's girl friend but succeeded only in tearing off one Earring's, which is why this Kachina always appears with a single earring

Yo-we est un exemplaire des chefs kachinas. Yo-we est suppos avoir dcapit un prtre franciscain lors de la rbellion des Hopi contre les Espagnols mexicains la fin des annes 1980. Cette kachina est souvent reprsent avec une tte la ceinture. Ce n'est pas le cas ici.

Corn Kachina (B. Talas) corn_kachina.jpg (21700 bytes)  
Chaveyo Kachina

 

ogre001.jpg (23132 bytes) Soyoko is an ogre wearing a butcher knife and a cane. It is found on third  Mesa.
  navajo_kachina.jpg (20204 bytes)  
  kachina100.jpg (25016 bytes)  
Hu-kachina

 

ukn_kachina.jpg (23804 bytes) Hu Kachina is a whipper kachina, having a black head and body, wearing a fox skin ruff;  its hands handle yucca leaf whips.
  broad_face_kachina.jpg (22066 bytes)  
(Clifford Pongyesva) unk2.jpg (17748 bytes)  
  unk3.jpg (21253 bytes)  
Harvest kachina unk4.jpg (20211 bytes)  
  bebe1.jpg (18807 bytes)  
     
  bebe2.jpg (17352 bytes)  
  bebe4.jpg (17047 bytes)  

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